Recently Funded Startups in France (Nov-2025)
Last Updated: 21-Nov-2025
France has emerged as a vibrant hub for startups, showcasing a robust ecosystem that thrives on innovation and technology. The country is home to 1,537 tracked startups, with a notable increase in funding activity this year. This uptick signifies the confidence investors have in French entrepreneurs and the various sectors they are disrupting, ultimately fostering an environment ripe for growth and transformation.
As we examine the startup funding landscape in November 2025, it becomes evident that key industries such as Artificial Intelligence, Energy, and Biotechnology are paving the way for substantial investments. With a total of 258 startups securing funding this year alone, raising over $6.2 billion, the trend indicates a promising trajectory for entrepreneurship in France, solidifying its role as a leader in innovation across Europe.
Funding Highlights
- Total number of startups tracked: 1,537
- Number of startups that raised funding last year: 348
- Number of startups that raised funding this year: 258
- Total funding raised this year (USD Millions): $6,243.63
- Largest deal: Mistral AI, Series C, $1,990.27 million
- Top industries by funding amount:
- Artificial Intelligence (AI): $2,262.15 million
- Energy: $574.57 million
- Biotechnology: $501.30 million
- Top industries by number of deals this year:
- Biotechnology: 38 deals
- Artificial Intelligence (AI): 28 deals
- Financial Services: 21 deals
Full List of Recently Funded Startups in France
| Company | City | Country | Round | Amount | Date | Industry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RUTILE.bike | Villeurbanne | France | Seed | $2,306,244 | 2025-11-30 | Consumer Goods, EV, Automotive, Environment |
| Water Horizon | Cugnaux | France | Series B | $20,829,813 | 2025-11-27 | Energy, Environment |
| Ventuno Biotech | Lyon | France | Seed | $2,314,424 | 2025-11-24 | Biotechnology, Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals |
| Hummink | Paris | France | Series A | $17,397,376 | 2025-11-23 | Manufacturing |
| La Fraise | Paris | France | Seed | $3,711,440 | 2025-11-22 | Artificial Intelligence (AI), Healthcare |
| AI-Stroke | Montpellier | France | Seed | $4,600,000 | 2025-11-22 | Healthcare, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Mobile |
| GetVocal AI | Paris | France | Series A | $26,000,000 | 2025-11-21 | Artificial Intelligence (AI), B2B Software |
| Hypr Space (Hybrid Propulsion for Space) | Bordeaux | France | Series A | $24,356,326 | 2025-11-20 | Aerospace |
| Ardian | Paris | France | Venture – Series Unknown | unknown | 2025-11-20 | Investing, Finance, Real Estate |
| Exwayz | Paris | France | Seed | $1,159,825 | 2025-11-19 | 3D, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Automotive |
| Leanspace | Illkirch-Graffenstaden | France | Series A | $11,598,251 | 2025-11-18 | Aerospace, B2B Software, Cloud Computing |
| Aive | Levallois-perret | France | Series A | $5,220,139 | 2025-11-17 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| NcodiN | Palaiseau | France | Seed | $18,420,659 | 2025-11-17 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Filiz | Olonne-Sur-Mer | France | Venture – Series Unknown | $6,941,263 | 2025-11-15 | B2B Software |
| Sundayapp | Paris | France | Series B | $21,000,000 | 2025-11-13 | Financial Services |
| U-Space | Toulouse | France | Series A | $27,765,052 | 2025-11-13 | Aerospace |
| Paage | Paris | France | Seed | $2,200,000 | 2025-11-10 | E-commerce, B2C Software, Marketing |
| FlyCopter Project SAS | Lannion | France | Pre-Seed | $2,300,000 | 2025-11-07 | Aerospace, Automotive, Transportation |
| Tsuga | Paris | France | Seed | $10,000,000 | 2025-11-07 | B2B Software, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud Computing, Data |
| Ad Scientiam | Paris | France | Venture – Series Unknown | $5,738,822 | 2025-11-06 | Healthcare, Artificial Intelligence (AI), B2B Software |
| Freeda | Paris | France | Seed | $3,902,399 | 2025-11-05 | Real Estate, Construction |
| Upway | Gennevilliers | France | Series C | $60,000,000 | 2025-11-04 | Commerce and Shopping |
| Computed Wing Sail | Paris | France | Venture – Series Unknown | $6,916,251 | 2025-11-04 | Marine, Manufacturing, Environment |
| nextProtein | Paris | France | Series B | $20,748,753 | 2025-11-03 | Agriculture and Farming |
| Compagnie des Amandes | Aix-En-Provence | France | Equity Crowdfunding | $180,217 | 2025-11-01 | Agriculture, Food and Beverage, Environment |
| PASQAL | Massy | France | Venture – Series Unknown | unknown | 2025-11-01 | Consumer Electronics |
| Shippingbo | Toulouse | France | Venture – Series Unknown | unknown | 2025-10-31 | Logistics, E-commerce, B2B Software |
| The Mobile-First Company | Paris | France | Seed | $11,609,184 | 2025-10-27 | Apps |
| Seaber | Lorient | France | Seed | $1,747,557 | 2025-10-27 | Marine, Government, Hardware |
| Probabl | Paris | France | Seed | $15,159,077 | 2025-10-18 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Adcytherix | Marseille | France | Series A | $122,438,699 | 2025-10-16 | Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals |
| EVerZom | Paris | France | Series A | $11,580,454 | 2025-10-14 | Biotechnology |
| Upciti | Montreuil | France | Series A | $20,000,000 | 2025-10-14 | Data and Analytics |
| Step Pharma | Paris | France | Series C | $44,177,262 | 2025-10-13 | Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals, Healthcare |
| Claimy | Paris | France | Pre-Seed | $1,757,288 | 2025-10-12 | Music, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Analytics, B2B Software |
| Filigran | Paris | France | Series C | $58,224,811 | 2025-10-11 | Information Technology |
| Ewake | Paris | France | Pre-Seed | $2,331,462 | 2025-10-11 | Artificial Intelligence (AI), B2B Software, Cloud Computing, Information Technology |
| REasy | Clichy | France | Pre-Seed | $1,800,000 | 2025-10-11 | FinTech, Finance, Logistics |
| CrunchDAO | Paris | France | Seed | $5,000,000 | 2025-10-10 | Artificial Intelligence (AI), Data |
| phagos | Paris | France | Series A | $29,049,129 | 2025-10-07 | Biotechnology,Agriculture,Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| TiHive Technologies | Grenoble | France | Venture – Series Unknown | $9,384,285 | 2025-10-05 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| SeaBeLife | Roscoff | France | Seed | $2,351,475 | 2025-10-03 | Biotechnology |
| Edflex | Paris | France | Venture – Series Unknown | $18,000,000 | 2025-10-03 | Education |
| Qovery | Paris | France | Series A | $13,000,000 | 2025-09-29 | B2B Software, Cloud Computing, Cyber Security |
| Lithium de france | Bischwiller | France | Series B | $46,936,127 | 2025-09-28 | Manufacturing |
| Guepard | Marseille | France | Pre-Seed | unknown | 2025-09-27 | Data and Analytics |
| Goodvest | Paris | France | Series B | $14,086,921 | 2025-09-24 | Investing, Finance, Environment |
| Rippletide | Paris | France | Seed | $4,718,483 | 2025-09-24 | Artificial Intelligence (AI), B2B Software, Sales |
| WAAT | Paris | France | Venture – Series Unknown | $117,521,933 | 2025-09-23 | EV, Automotive, Energy, Mobile, Real Estate |
| Vocca | Paris | France | Seed | $5,500,000 | 2025-09-22 | Healthcare, Artificial Intelligence (AI), B2B Software |
| Pikkopay | Paris | France | Seed | $1,769,431 | 2025-09-22 | FinTech, Finance, Retail |
| Rofim | Marseille | France | Venture – Series Unknown | $11,807,909 | 2025-09-21 | Healthcare |
| Seyna | Neuilly-Sur-Seine | France | Venture – Series Unknown | $11,731,361 | 2025-09-20 | Insurance |
| Finary | Paris | France | Series B | $29,520,888 | 2025-09-20 | Financial Services |
| Tafalgie Therapeutics | Marseille | France | Series A | $14,077,633 | 2025-09-19 | Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals |
| JUISCI | Paris | France | Venture – Series Unknown | $6,521,510 | 2025-09-18 | Healthcare, Cloud Computing |
| Moodwork | Compiègne | France | Venture – Series Unknown | $3,660,590 | 2025-09-17 | Human Resources |
| Temelion | Paris | France | Seed | $3,754,036 | 2025-09-16 | Construction, Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Defacto | Paris | France | Venture – Series Unknown | $18,971,665 | 2025-09-16 | Financial Services |
| Greenway | Paris | France | Seed | $32,000,000 | 2025-09-16 | Environment |
| Alltheway | Paris | France | Seed | $4,132,768 | 2025-09-16 | Travel, Cloud Computing |
| La Fourche | La Courneuve | France | Series C | $37,194,913 | 2025-09-15 | Internet Services |
| ORIS | Paris | France | Series A | $3,542,373 | 2025-09-15 | Construction, Materials |
| Genomines | Paris | France | Series A | $45,000,000 | 2025-09-15 | Biotechnology |
| Genoskin | Toulouse | France | Series A | $5,400,000 | 2025-09-15 | Biotechnology |
| Scintil Photonics | Grenoble | France | Series B | $58,000,000 | 2025-09-14 | Hardware |
| Mistral AI | Paris | France | Series C | $1,990,266,426 | 2025-09-11 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| SafeHeal | Paris | France | Series C | $11,715,446 | 2025-09-08 | Healthcare |
| A.M.A Selections | Cannes | France | Series Unknown | $688.3K | 2025-08-28 | Community and Lifestyle |
| Koolboks | Rosny-sous-bois | France | Series A | $11M | 2025-08-27 | Energy |
| Osivax | Lyon | France | Series Unknown | $19.5M | 2025-08-26 | Biotechnology |
| Kriptown | Paris | France | Series Unknown | Undisclosed | 2025-08-04 | Blockchain and Cryptocurrency |
| MaaT Pharma | Lyon | France | Series Unknown | $44.1M | 2025-07-28 | Biotechnology |
| OnParty | Levallois-perret | France | Pre-Seed | $1.2M | 2025-07-25 | Apps |
| Electra | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $332.7M | 2025-07-24 | Energy |
| Aircap | Paris | France | Seed | $581.5K | 2025-07-21 | Financial Services |
| One Biosciences | Paris | France | Series A | $17.4M | 2025-07-17 | Biotechnology |
| Spiko | Paris | France | Series A | $21.5M | 2025-07-17 | Blockchain and Cryptocurrency |
| GenSight Biologics | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $579.5K | 2025-07-17 | Biotechnology |
| STELLARIA | Grenoble | France | Seed | $26.7M | 2025-07-17 | Energy |
| The Blockchain Group | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $7M | 2025-07-15 | Blockchain and Cryptocurrency |
| Justclip | Clermont Herault | France | Seed | $1.6M | 2025-07-13 | Energy |
| Solence | Paris | France | Seed | $1.9M | 2025-07-10 | Apps |
| Optimistik | Chambéry | France | Series Unknown | $2M | 2025-07-10 | Data and Analytics |
| ex9 | Évry | France | Seed | $2.3M | 2025-07-09 | Manufacturing |
| Dillico | Meylan | France | Seed | $8.8M | 2025-07-09 | Health Care |
| Relief | Paris | France | Seed | $3M | 2025-07-09 | Apps |
| Million Victories | Villeurbanne | France | Series Unknown | $40M | 2025-07-09 | Mobile |
| Arago | Arcueil | France | Seed | $26M | 2025-07-08 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| bYoRNA | Bordeaux | France | Pre-Seed | $1.8M | 2025-07-08 | Biotechnology |
| AFYREN | Saint-beauzire | France | Series Unknown | $4.7M | 2025-07-08 | Biotechnology |
| SiPearl | Maisons-laffitte | France | Series A | $37.6M | 2025-07-08 | Hardware |
| VizioSense | Lille | France | Seed | $3.2M | 2025-07-08 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| AB Science | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $2.3M | 2025-07-08 | Biotechnology |
| Inventiva Pharma | Daix | France | Series Unknown | $10M | 2025-07-07 | Biotechnology |
| Elum Energy | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $4.1M | 2025-07-04 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| BrainEver | Saint-antoine | France | Series B | $38.9M | 2025-07-03 | Biotechnology |
| Massive Dynamic | Paris | France | Pre-Seed | $3.5M | 2025-07-03 | Sales and Marketing |
| Solarock | Montigny-lès-cormeilles | France | Seed | $8.3M | 2025-07-02 | Other |
| RainPath | La Mézière | France | Seed | $2.9M | 2025-07-01 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| GATEWATCHER | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $29.3M | 2025-06-26 | Information Technology |
| DejaBlue | Paris | France | Seed | $8.4M | 2025-06-26 | Energy |
| Zama | Paris | France | Series B | $57M | 2025-06-25 | Information Technology |
| Melvan | Avignon | France | Series Unknown | $29.1M | 2025-06-25 | Energy |
| Orus | Paris | France | Series B | $29.1M | 2025-06-24 | Financial Services |
| Flowdesk | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $100M | 2025-06-24 | Financial Services |
| Qomon | Paris | France | Seed | $6.4M | 2025-06-23 | Data and Analytics |
| Sequans Communications | Colombes | France | Series Unknown | $195M | 2025-06-23 | Hardware |
| Winalist | Ay | France | Seed | $1.1M | 2025-06-19 | Food and Beverage |
| Sifflet | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $18M | 2025-06-19 | Data and Analytics |
| Skarlett | Paris | France | Seed | $9.2M | 2025-06-19 | Community and Lifestyle |
| Pelico | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $40M | 2025-06-18 | Software |
| EVerZom | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $3.5M | 2025-06-17 | Biotechnology |
| Nabla | Paris | France | Series C | $70M | 2025-06-17 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| A River In the Garden | Neuilly-sur-seine | France | Series Unknown | Undisclosed | 2025-06-17 | Retail Building Materials and Garden Equipment |
| xfolio | Paris | France | Seed | $2M | 2025-06-16 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| CirculaCar | Craponne | France | Seed | $1.2M | 2025-06-13 | Transportation |
| ENTEROME | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $19M | 2025-06-12 | Biotechnology |
| ENYO Pharma | Lyon | France | Series C | $6.9M | 2025-06-12 | Biotechnology |
| Kolet | Paris | France | Series A | $10.3M | 2025-06-10 | Apps |
| Koncrete | Paris | France | Seed | $1.1M | 2025-06-10 | Wholesale Building Materials |
| Arlequin AI | Paris | France | Seed | $5M | 2025-06-10 | Data and Analytics |
| Wandercraft | Paris | France | Series D | $75M | 2025-06-06 | Hardware |
| Uncia | Paris | France | Series Unknown | Undisclosed | 2025-06-05 | Software Development |
| Beink Dream | Paris | France | Series Unknown | Undisclosed | 2025-06-05 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Knave | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $114.5M | 2025-06-05 | Apps |
| Aive | Levallois-perret | France | Series A | $13.7M | 2025-06-05 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Fabriq | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $25M | 2025-06-04 | Manufacturing |
| Califrais | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $11.4M | 2025-06-04 | Commerce and Shopping |
| N2F | Péronnas | France | Series Unknown | Undisclosed | 2025-06-03 | Apps |
| Pletor | Paris | France | Pre-Seed | $2.3M | 2025-06-03 | Software |
| Sounduct | Strasbourg | France | Seed | $3.4M | 2025-06-03 | Data and Analytics |
| Moments Lab | Boulogne-billancourt | France | Series Unknown | $24M | 2025-06-03 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Zenior | Paris | France | Seed | $1.7M | 2025-06-02 | Community and Lifestyle |
| Eco-Tech Ceram | Rivesaltes | France | Series B | $18.3M | 2025-06-02 | Energy |
| Delpha | Paris | France | Seed | $2M | 2025-06-02 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| TreeFrog Therapeutics | Bordeaux | France | Series Unknown | $34.2M | 2025-05-27 | Biotechnology |
| Noota | Paris | France | Seed | $3.4M | 2025-05-26 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| SeqOne Genomics | Montpellier | France | Series Unknown | $22.6M | 2025-05-22 | Biotechnology |
| Tilt Energy | Paris | France | Seed | $5.7M | 2025-05-22 | Technology |
| The Blockchain Group | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $10.9M | 2025-05-22 | Blockchain and Cryptocurrency |
| Veesion | Paris | France | Series B | $43M | 2025-05-21 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| AB Science | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $2M | 2025-05-20 | Biotechnology |
| GENFIT | Loos | France | Series Unknown | $29.8M | 2025-05-20 | Biotechnology |
| Gravitee | Lille | France | Series C | $60M | 2025-05-20 | Information Technology |
| PyxiScience | Villepinte | France | Seed | $2.3M | 2025-05-20 | Education |
| Lprint | Palaiseau | France | Series Unknown | $100.5K | 2025-05-16 | Consumer Electronics |
| Dr. Jonquille & Mr. Ail | Nantes | France | Series Unknown | $100.3K | 2025-05-15 | Food and Beverage |
| Orasio | Paris | France | Seed | $17.9M | 2025-05-15 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Tinubu Square | Issy-les-moulineaux | France | Series Unknown | Undisclosed | 2025-05-14 | Financial Services |
| Manifest | Toulouse | France | Seed | Undisclosed | 2025-05-14 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Didask | Bagnolet | France | Series Unknown | $11.2M | 2025-05-13 | Education |
| Eligo Bioscience | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $5M | 2025-05-13 | Biotechnology |
| WEMET | Toulouse | France | Seed | $1.1M | 2025-05-09 | Commerce and Shopping |
| Aéronde | Le Versoud | France | Seed | $1.1M | 2025-05-05 | Other |
| Neovacs | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $1.4M | 2025-05-05 | Biotechnology |
| OGALO | Saint-jean-de-braye | France | Seed | $906.8K | 2025-05-05 | Information Technology |
| Kabaun | Bois-colombes | France | Pre-Seed | $477.8K | 2025-05-01 | Data and Analytics |
| Empay | Paris | France | Seed | Undisclosed | 2025-05-01 | Financial Services |
| Kalent | Nantes | France | Seed | $1M | 2025-05-01 | Administrative Services |
| Innate Pharma | Marseille | France | Series Unknown | $17M | 2025-04-24 | Biotechnology |
| Poppins | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $5.7M | 2025-04-24 | Education |
| Sylcast | Avon | France | Pre-Seed | $345.7K | 2025-04-22 | Sustainability |
| Inflow | Paris | France | Seed | $1.1M | 2025-04-22 | Financial Services |
| auum | Paris | France | Series B | $17.3M | 2025-04-22 | Clothing and Apparel |
| Celest Science | Montpellier | France | Seed | $2.3M | 2025-04-22 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Delos | Paris | France | Seed | $2.8M | 2025-04-15 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Versant | Paris | France | Pre-Seed | $396.4K | 2025-04-15 | Hardware |
| Klaimy | Paris | France | Pre-Seed | $1.4M | 2025-04-14 | Financial Services |
| Blue Bridge | Paris | France | Pre-Seed | $2.3M | 2025-04-10 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Faume | Paris | France | Series A | $8.9M | 2025-04-10 | Commerce and Shopping |
| Ekoscan Integrity | Saint-rémy | France | Series Unknown | Undisclosed | 2025-04-10 | Consumer Electronics |
| Klara | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $11M | 2025-04-10 | Administrative Services |
| Arrago | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $17.7M | 2025-04-10 | Financial Services |
| Sekoia.io | Paris | France | Series B | $28.5M | 2025-04-09 | Information Technology |
| Qevlar AI | Paris | France | Series A | $10M | 2025-04-08 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| ROOF | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $21.9M | 2025-04-08 | Real Estate |
| Febus Optics | Pau | France | Seed | $4.4M | 2025-04-08 | Manufacturing |
| 4Moving Biotech | Lille | France | Series Unknown | $8.3M | 2025-04-08 | Biotechnology |
| Diagnoly | Lyon | France | Seed | $6M | 2025-04-08 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Ynsect | Fontaine | France | Series Unknown | $11M | 2025-04-07 | Agriculture and Farming |
| Nomi | Paris | France | Pre-Seed | $500K | 2025-04-07 | Software |
| Mangas.io | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $1.1M | 2025-04-04 | Internet Services |
| Grâce | Paris | France | Seed | $6.4M | 2025-04-03 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| Parallel 1245 | Paris | France | Seed | $3.5M | 2025-04-03 | Health Care |
| ULTRA | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $12M | 2025-04-03 | Blockchain and Cryptocurrency |
| Ecoat | Grasse | France | Series Unknown | $19.6M | 2025-04-03 | Biotechnology |
| FAIRMAT | Paris | France | Series B | $28.9M | 2025-04-02 | Community and Lifestyle |
| AQEMIA | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $7.4M | 2025-04-01 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| WeeFin | Neuilly-sur-seine | France | Series B | $27.1M | 2025-04-01 | Financial Services |
| CleanMob | Neuilly-sur-seine | France | Seed | $1.4M | 2025-04-01 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
| CARBON | Lyon | France | Seed | $2.2M | 2025-03-26 | Hardware |
| Request Finance | Paris | France | Series Unknown | Undisclosed | 2025-03-25 | Administrative Services |
| RockFi | Paris | France | Series A | $19.5M | 2025-03-24 | Financial Services |
| Bubblemaps | Paris | France | Series Unknown | Undisclosed | 2025-03-20 | Data and Analytics |
| Extracadabra | Saint-denis-sur-loire | France | Series Unknown | $16.4M | 2025-03-19 | Administrative Services |
| Flagcat | Paris | France | Seed | $2.7M | 2025-03-19 | Consumer Goods |
| Hexa | Paris | France | Series Unknown | $31.7M | 2025-03-19 | Blockchain and Cryptocurrency |
| Allogenica | Lyon | France | Series Unknown | $2.7M | 2025-03-19 | Biotechnology |
| Aletiq | Paris | France | Seed | $6.5M | 2025-03-19 | Data and Analytics |
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. Where can I find recently funded startups in France?
You can explore our full list of startups that raised funding this month above. You can also subscribe to our free plan to get weekly alerts.
Q2. How many startups in France were funded this year and last year?
This year 258 French startups raised funding; last year 348 did; our database tracks 1,537 startups in France.
Q3. Which industries are trending among recently funded startups in France?
Top industries by funding: Artificial Intelligence $2,262.15M, Energy $574.57M, Biotechnology $501.30M. Top industries by deal count: Biotechnology (38), Artificial Intelligence (28), Financial Services (21).
Q4. What was the largest funding deal in France this year?
The largest deal was Mistral AI’s Series C at $1,990.27M (USD).
Q5. How can I connect with these startups in France?
You can subscribe to our premium plan for verified CEO and decision-maker contacts.
